Citation (Pierre-Ernest @ 13/12/2007 - 17:09)

La "fusion" observée des glace du Groenland est essentiellement propagée par un monsieur d'origine française qui travaille au Jet Propulsion Laboratory à la NASA et qui s'appelle Eric Rignot.
Il est vrai que lorsqu'on observe la zone dite d'ablation des glaciers, c'est à dire la zone où la glace tombe dans la mer, comme c'est le cas du Groenland, on ne peut être qu'impressionné, comme a du l'être l'actuel ministre de l'environnement, Jean-Louis Borloo.
Les choses ne sont pourtant pas aussi simple.
Une grande activité d'ablation pour un glacier prouve que celui-ci "avance" rapidement. Généralement, cela indique que le glacier est "nourri" plus abondamment par les précipitations, et que la glace, qui se comporte comme un fluide visqueux "coule" plus rapidement. C'est tout. L'explication de la "lubrification" de la glace au contact du sol par l'eau de fusion superficielle ne tient pas trop la route : en effet, il est connu que les crevasses des glaciers, pour impressionnantes qu'elles soient, ne descendent jamais très bas, pour une raison simple : la masse glaciaire est à une température très inférieure à 0°C, même si la surface fond à certaines époques, et donc l'eau regèle rapidement avant d'arriver au niveau du socle rocheux. D'autre part, la pression hydrostatique ferme tout simplement les fissures au-dessous d'une certaine profondeur. Malgré les descriptions apocalyptiques de certains journalistes à ce sujet, il est donc douteux que de l'eau liquide (non saline) existe sous la masse énorme des glaciers groenlandais.
Après ces belles affirmations du renommé glaciologue Pierre-Ernest, voilà quelques résumés extraits des présentations se tenant en ce moment même à San Francisco (American Geophysical Union, tous les résumés des ~14.000 présentations consultables ici :
Résumés AGU 2007). Désolée pour les non-anglophones :
Arctic Warming, Greenland Melt and MoulinsSteffen, K
konrad.steffen@colorado.edu
CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, United States
Huff, R
rhuff@cires.colorado.edu
CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, United States
Behar, A
alberto.behar@jpl.nasa.gov
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Robotic Vehicles Group, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, United States
Air temperatures on the Greenland ice sheet have increased by 4 deg. C since 1991. The ice sheet melt area increased by 30% for the western part between 1979-2006, with record melt years in 1987, 1991, 1998, 2002, 2005, and possibly the most extreme melt year in 2007. The increasing trend in the total area of melting bare ice is unmistakable at 13% per year, significant at a probability of 0.99. Hence, the bare ice region, the wet snow region, and the equilibrium line altitude have moved further inland and resulting in increased melt water flux towards the coast. Warm and extended air temperatures are to blame for 1.5 m water equivalent surface reduction at the long-term equilibrium line altitude, 1100 m elevation at 70 deg. N during summer 2007. Increase in ice velocity in the ablation region and the concurrent increase in melt water suggests that water penetrates to great depth through moulins and cracks, lubricating the bottom of the ice sheet. New insight was gained of subsurface hydrologic channels and cavities using new instrumentation and a video system during the melt peak in August 2007. Volume and geometry of a 100 m deep moulin were mapped with a rotating laser, and photographs with digital cameras.
Sub-glacial hydrologic channels were investigated and filmed using a tethered, autonomous system, several hundred meters into the ice. These new results will be discussed
InSAR and GPS Observations Show Seasonal Speedup of Ice Flow in Greenland Following the Onset of Summer MeltingJoughin, I
ian@apl.washington.edu
Polar Science Center Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
Das, S B
sdas@whoi.edu
Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
King, M A
m.a.king@newcastle.ac.uk
School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences University of Newcastle, Cassie Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
Smith, B
smithcommaben@gmail.com
Polar Science Center Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
Howat, I
ihowat@apl.washington.edu
Polar Science Center Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
Moon, T
twilap@u.washington.edu
Polar Science Center Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
We have assembled a comprehensive set of InSAR and GPS observations that reveal both spatial and temporal changes in velocity during the summer melt season along a several-hundred kilometer stretch of the ice-sheet margin near Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland. In the bare ice zone, we obtain InSAR (speckle/feature tracking) results throughout the melt season that agree well with results from two continuous GPS stations located at roughly 1000 meters elevation. Over much of the slow-moving (100 m/yr) bare-ice zone, the InSAR data show summer speedups of 50-to-100 m/yr averaged over 24 days. We also detect seasonal speedups of similar magnitude on Jakobshavn Isbrae and several smaller fast moving (> 1 km/yr) outlet glaciers. In relative terms, however, the outlet glaciers speedups represent increases of less than 10 % relative to their annual means. Thus, proportionately the slow-moving inland ice is far more sensitive to seasonal speedup than are the rapidly flowing outlet glaciers, making it unlikely that recently reported large (> 1 km/yr) speedups on Jakobshavn and other outlet glaciers can be directly attributed to enhanced basal lubrication from increased surface melt. Similarly, the GPS data also reveal a period of generally enhanced flow extending through the melt season, punctuated by shorter-term speedups lasting a few days. These shorter-term accelerations correlate well with periods of increased surface melt that we inferred from positive-degree-day values measured at the GPS sites. In addition, the short-term accelerations coincide well with GPS-measured periods of peak uplift rates of the ice-sheet surface.
The strong correlation of seasonal velocity with melt and uplift rates suggests that surface melt makes its way to bed rapidly, providing enhanced lubrication to regions of the ice sheet extending up to at least 1000 meters elevation. Furthermore, the spatially uniform nature of the speedup in the upper bare-ice zone, where a sparse distribution of moulins delivers water to the bed, suggests the presence of a well distributed sub-glacial drainage network.Direct Observations of Melt-Water Lake Drainage and the Establishment of an Efficient Surface to Basal Water Connection on the Greenland Ice SheetDas, S B
sdas@whoi.edu
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Joughin, I
ian@apl.washington.edu
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
Behn, M D
mbehn@whoi.edu
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Howat, I
ihowat@apl.washington.edu
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
King, M A
m.a.king@newcastle.ac.uk
School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle, Cassie Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
Lizarralde, D
danl@whoi.edu
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Bhatia, M P
maya.bhatia@gmail.com
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Melt water lakes are recurrent features on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet margin that collect a large fraction of the annual surface melt across the ablation region. Many of these lakes fill and drain seasonally and are hypothesized to be a significant source of surface melt water to the ice sheet bed. We present results from field campaigns during the summers of 2006 and 2007 to investigate the filling and draining of two lakes, and the dynamic response of the ice sheet to drainage events. Measurements include air temperature, lake-water level, seismicity and local ice motion. One of the instrumented lakes was observed to be actively discharging water through a meltwater-cut channel in the side of the lake basin, which followed a deeply incised (5-10 m) supraglacial stream for nearly a kilometer before cascading into a moulin. The second instrumented lake drained catastrophically through a series of fractures and moulins that opened beneath the lake and that were subsequently mapped in the field following drainage.
At this site, the 2.7-km-diameter lake, holding on the order of 0.03 km3 of water, drained entirely through 1 km of ice thickness in less than 2 hours. The peak rate of water flow during this event exceeds the average flow over Niagara Falls.
This drainage event coincided with increased seismicity as well as rapid glacier uplift (1.2 m) and horizontal acceleration to nearly 8 km/yr as measured on the ice surface near the lake shoreline. Subsequent subsidence and deceleration of the ice sheet occurred over the following 24 hours.
These observations provide evidence for the injection of surface melt water directly to the ice sheet bed, and also indicate the presence of an efficient basal drainage system that can quickly disperse large inputs of surface melt water. Constraints on melt-water flux through the West Greenland ice-sheet: modeling of hydro- fracture drainage of supraglacial lakesKrawczynski, M J
kraw@whoi.edu
MIT/WHOI Joint Program, 77 Massachusetts Ave, MIT, Bldg 54-1212, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Behn, M D
mbehn@whoi.edu
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Clark Building, Mail Stop 23, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Das, S B
sdas@whoi.edu
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Clark Building, Mail Stop 23, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
Joughin, I
ian@apl.washington.edu
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
Recent observations of rapid ice-flow acceleration following the onset of surface melting from Greenland suggest that ice-sheets may respond more rapidly and dramatically to climate change than previously believed. Melt- water may drain advectively through the ice-sheet, lubricating and warming the bed, and accelerate ice flow. Understanding the mechanisms and constraints on melt-water transport through ice-sheets is critical for incorporating these feedbacks into models of ice-sheet evolution and for estimating future rates of ice-sheet drawdown and sea-level change. We have investigated the viability of rapidly transporting melt-water from the ice- sheet's surface to its bed using a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach to model crack propagation in ice. Building on the work of Weertman (IASH, 1973), Alley et al. (Annal Glac, 2004) and van der Veen (GRL, 2007), who showed that only water filled crevasses will propagate through an ice-sheet, we model the size and shape of water-filled crevasses. In doing so, we place volumetric constraints on the amount of water necessary to keep water-filled crevasses propagating through 1-2 km of sub-freezing ice. This volume of water is then used to constrain the minimum lake sizes that can hydro-fracture to the bed.
For example, in our study area there are over 1000 lakes that contain enough water (> 0.3-0.5 km in diameter) to keep a crevasse filled to the ice-bed interface (~1.5 km of ice). In addition, our calculations of the opening geometry of hydro-fractures demonstrate that the time scale for draining the largest known lakes through a single crevasse is on the order of 2-18 hrs, significantly faster than the time-scale for refreezing of crevasses in ice. These model-based results of crevasse geometry and water drainage are consistent with and supported by recent field observations of rapid lake drainage south of Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland.
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Nicolas, les vraies sources il faut aller les chercher dans les journaux scientifiques spécialisés ou dans les conférences comme l'AGU.